竹子在現代景觀設計中的應用Partone:Introduction
Thedescriptionofbamboobeingusedasappreciatedobjectcouldbefoundasearlyasinthebookcalled“TheCompleteCollectionofChinesePoetry”.ResearchshowsthatithasbeenahabitualpracticetoplantbamboointheimperialpalacegardenevensincetheQinDynasty.Lateron,peopleshowedmoreandmoreinterestinbambooandtheyfinallyfounditimpossibletolivewithoutit.BamboohasbeenwidelyusedintraditionalChinesegardensbecauseancientChinesepeopleadmireditselegance,varietyandgreatapplicability.Duetoitsspecialconfigurationandstructure,bambooisalwaysassociatedwithsuchvirtuesasintegrity,modestyandstrongwill,allofwhichfitthebasicvalueoftraditionalChinesepeople.Thisexplainswhybamboohasreceivedsuchawidehomage.Therearealltogether1,300speciesofbamboobelongingto107familiesthroughouttheworld,layingoutinthevastcontinentsofAsia,AfricaandAmerica.InChina,therearemorethan500speciesbelongingto39familiesexpandingacrossthenationwiththeexceptionofHeilongjiangprovince,Jilinprovince,XinjiangandtheinnerMongolia.InvestigationshowsthatbamboocanbefoundinalmosteveryprivategardeninthecityofSuzhou.EveninBeijing,thenorthernborderofbamboodistribution,properconditionsarebeingcreatedforbambootolive.
Forexample,someamountofbambooisplantedinfamousimperialgardensliketheYuan-Ming-YuanImperialGardenandtheSummerPalace,letalonethePurple-bambooGardenwhichiswell-knownforitsbambooplanting.InJapan,bambooisconsidereddivine,bamboogardensareregardedasrefinedplacesjustlikestonegardensandteagardens.BambooisseldomseenintraditionalwesterngardenspartlybecauseofthelackofnaturaldistributionofbambooinEurope,partlybecausethelackofbambooculturethere.Notonlycanbambooserveasartisticsubjectforpeopletoappreciate,italsoproducesfineecologicaleffectsbyprovidingsunshadeandblockingthewind,byreducingthenoisesandholdingthesoilonthesurface,byproducingoxygenandholdingcarbondioxide.Thus,bambooisbyallmeansasuitablegreeningplantforecology,tourismandeconomicdevelopment.
Bambooismorewidelyusedinmodernlandscapearchitecture.Westerners,nowadays,alreadyshowgreatinterestinbambooandmanymodernlandscapesareaccompaniedbytheappearanceofbamboo.TheBambooGardeninsideParcdelaVillettedesignedbyAlexandreChemetoffandtheIrisonGardendesignedbyIonHermanarejusttwocasesinpoint.Thankstothemorecomplicatedconstructionenvironmentinmoderncitiesandthemorediversedemandsforlandscapefunctionsaswellastheinevitablechangesofpeople’saestheticvalueandlivingideals,thereareboundtobesomechangesinmodernlandscapeconcerningbamboo’smeaninganditsapplication.Thus,carryingoutresearchinthisrespectturnsouttobeimperativeandvital.
Parttwo:properlymakinguseofthesiteandplantingbambooaccordingtothesurroundings
Generallyspeaking,bambooisfondofhighhumidity,warmclimate,thick,slightlyacidsoilwithagoodventilatingconditionandabundantinorganism.Therearemanydifferenttypesofbamboo,eachofwhichasksforadifferentlivingenvironment.Thus,itrequiresofusafurtherunderstandingofthebiologicalandecologicalcharacteristicsofbambooinordertomakefulluseofthesite.Onlybydoingthiswaycanwesuccessfullymeetthevariousgreeningdemandsofcomplicatedenvironmentinmoderncities.Forexample,Bambusa.vulgarisvar.striata(lodd.)Holttum),B.ventricosaMaClure,B.ventricosaMaClurecv.nanaWen,B.multiplexvar.nanaKengf.andsomeothergrouped-growingspecieshavearelativelypoorenduranceagainstcoldness;theygetharmedwhenthetemperaturefallsdownbelowzero.Therefore,theycanonlysurvivewhenplantedinthesub-tropicalzonesandinthesouthernpartsofthecountry.ChimonobambusaMakino,clavinodumwen,IndocalamusNakai,PleioblastusNakai,ShibataeaMakinoandsomeothermixed-growingspeciescanendurelowtemperaturesrangingfrom-10℃to-15℃,whichcansurviveunderthenorthernsub-tropicalzonesclimate.And,suchscattered-growingspeciesasPhyllostachysSieb.Zucc,IndosadaMcClurecanendureatemperatureof-20℃;theyareabletosurviveeveninthetemperatezonesandthesub-frigidzones.Accordingtowhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatit’sbettertogrowscattered-growingspeciesintheNorthorinplacesthatareeasilystrickenbycoldwind,whilebothscattered-growingandgrouped-growingspeciescanbeattendedtointheSouthandinplaceswithafinemicroclimate.
Mostspeciesofbambooaresun-favorplants,however,thereexistsomeshadespeciestoo,suchasPleioblastusdifichusMuroietOkemura,Sasaargenteostraitusf.albo-strlatus,Sasafortunei,ShibataeachinensisNakai,Shibataealanceifliaandsoon.Wecanusethemasgreeningplantsonthenorthsideofabuilding,onthenorthslopeofahillaswellasunderthewoods.Bambooisafraidofdrowningbutatthesametimeneedswatertostandalive.Inplaceswithdampdepressions,measuresoftransformingthegroundtosuitthegrowingconditionsofthebambooareoftentakentoimprovebamboowoodsforsightseeing.TherearestillsomedamptolerantspecieslikePhyllostachysheteroclada,B.multiplexraeuschelvar.luteawen,bambusaoldhamiwhichcangrowhealthilybythewaterside.Astosaline-alkaliground,itwillbebettertochoosespecieslikeP.maculosaChaoetChou,P.vivaxMcClure,P.iridescens,p.prominensandsomeothersaline-alkalitolerantspecies.ThecaseofShanghaiPudongInternationalAirportwhichsuccessfullyresolvedtheproblemofgrowingbambooonlandsofhighhumidityandsaline-alkalireflectedtheeffectivenessofcorrectseedselectingandreasonablesoilimprovement.Althoughtherelacksstudyconcerningbamboo’sresistanceagainstpollutants,thematerialwegraspnowissufficienttoprovethatdifferentresistantabilitiesexistamongdifferentspecies.Inaword,therearesomanyspeciesofbamboothataslongastheyareappropriatelychosenandplanted,theycanbeusedtocreatelandscape,toimproveecology,toenhancepeople’slivingstandards.
Partthree:Landscapingartisticallyandcombiningdiversitywithunity
Inthetraditionalbamboolandscape,prioritywasgiventobamboo’sintegrityandpoeticimagery.However,differentspeciesandtheirshapes,colorsandspecialstructureswhichweresupposedtodeservedueattentionhavebeenignored.Traditionallandscapingmeansandmannersfocusonthefollowingaspectssuchasbuildingthebambooroadleadingtotheisolation,plantingbambooinblockageofthewindow,castingbambooshadowonthewhitewall,arrangingbambooandstoneassmallgardenornaments.Somepeopleevenbelievethattheshadowthatbamboocastsonthewallorthewindowismorebeautifulthanthebambooitself.Asamatteroffact,thereareagreatvarietyofbamboosintermsofcategoriesandshapes.Whengroupedaccordingtotheundergroundstems,bamboocanbedividedintothreekinds,namely,thescattered-growing,thegrouped-growingandthemixed-growing.Whengroupedaccordingtotheheights,wehavetree-likePhyllostachysheterocyclavar.,shrub-likeBambusamultiplexcv.,ground-cover-likesasafortuneiandclimber-likeDrepanostachyumluodianenseandsoon.Whengroupedaccordingtothecolorofthestem,exceptforamajoritypresentingthegreencolor,westillhavePhyllostachysvivaxf.,Phyllostachyspraecox,PhyllostachysaureosulcataandPhyllostachysnigra,allofwhichareofahighartisticvalue.Therefore,inthemoderndesigningactivitiesconcerningbamboo,weshouldnotonlylayemphasisontraditionalpoeticimagery,butalsotrytogettoknowdifferentfeaturesofvariousspecies,todifferentiatetheirdifferentheights,theoverallphysicalappearances,thecolorsandshapesoftheirstemsandleaves.Atthesametimeweshouldexploretheirpeculiaridentitiesoutoftheircommoncharacteristics,findoutthefeaturesofeveryspecies,finallycombinethemaccordingtoacertainformationlawsoastobringaboutaconcealedbeauty.Inanopenspaceonamodernlargescale,everyspeciesofbambooshouldbearacertainquantitytoensuretheidealvisualeffects.ThisisinonewayoranotheratoddswiththepracticecarriedoutintraditionalChinesegardenswheresmallgardenornamentslikefloraandlivingcreaturescanbeeasilyseeneverywhere.
IntheeasternpartofHangzhouBotanicalGardentherelocatesabamboothemegarden.Establishedintheyear1962,occupyinganareaof6ha,thisgardenembracesavarietyofmorethan100differentspeciesofbamboosbelongingto16families.Theentiregardenismadeupoftwosections,theexhibitionsectionandtheoperationsection.Theformeroneisintendedtomakethebambooculturegenerallyknowntothepublicandserveasavisitingroute;thelatteroneisusedforfosteringbamboospecieswhichinturnwillprovidetechnicalreferencesforbamboo-woodsproduction.Intheexhibitionsection,bambooisclassifiedbythephysicalappearances,manyunusualspecieswithrarecolorsandfiguresareplantedalongtheroadincompactcommunityforthevisitorstoappreciate.Someotherspecieswithconspicuousdifferencesareintentionallyplantedtogethertoformanartificialbamboocommunity.Throughcomparison,peoplearesupposedtofindsomeunderlyingbeautywhichcannotbeeasilyfoundinthenormalsituation.Inordertodisplaythebeautyofnature,thisbamboogardencombineswaterbody,topographyandwalkpathstocreatescenicspotsliketheBambooReflectionontheWaterSurface,theBambooRoadLeadingtoIsolationandBambooSeas,joiningtogethertoprovidetouristswithafineoccasionforsightseeingandrelaxation.
InthedesignofChinaBambooCenter(locatedinHangzhou,withaninneryardareaof0.2squarekilometers),italsoadaptedthemeansofcreatinglandscapewithbamboosoastoembodythenatureoftheirstudyinstitutionandtodemonstratethebeautyandscientificvaluesofbamboo.WhatisdifferentfromHangzhouBotanicalGardenisthatitissurroundedbyagreatnumberofhighbuildings,lackinganaturalscent.forthatreason,theychosesomegrandanduprightphyllostachystoblocksomeoftheplotsonthelandscapetocreateagreenandnaturalatmosphere.Theyhavealsoplantedsomepreciousbambooatsomeoftheimportantknotpoints.Alongthecurbsoftherockeryandthepond,somebamboospecieswithelegantstyleareplantedinbetweeneachotheratdifferentheightstoformagroupscenery.AsmallamountofPrunusmume,Jasminummudiflorum,PrunuscerasiaferaAtropurpureaarearrangedinthegardeninordertomakeupforthelackofenoughseasonalappearancechangeofthebamboo.Bydoingthis,themainfeatureofthegardenhasbeenstressedwhiletheviewshavebeengreatlyamplified.
ComparedwithtraditionalChinesegardens,bamboolandscapinginmodernlandscapearchitecturedisplaysmorespiritofdiversityandoriginality.IndesigningSydneyGarden,VladimirSittaplantedbambooandmosswithinregulargreenbeltsandcreatedaspacious,openbamboowoodsbytheintervalarrayofthegreenbeltsandtheground.Insidethewoodshesetupasimply-shapedrectanglepondandcutthereflectioninthewaterwithtwooddly-shapedstoneslates.Throughthecontrastofregularandnaturalstylesthevitalityofbamboowassuccessfullyembodied.AsthedesignerofthegardeninsideIBM’sheadoffice,NewYork,Robertzionscatteredbamboosintheeleventreeboxeslocatedonthehardground.Thecloseskylineandtheneatgroundpresenttothetouristsanelegantandcomfortablerecreationalplace.AthirdcaseisthebamboogardeninsideShanghaiCentralPark,whichisatotallydifferentone.Thewholegardenwascutintotwelvechuckswithwhitegravels,threeofwhichwereplantedwithLoropetalumChinese,Ligustrumvicaryi,Ilexcrenatacv.Convexa,anotherthreewereoccupiedbythreegroupsofPhyllostachys,therestbeinglawns.Thisbamboogardenboastsbothoccidentalfascinationandoccidentalrationalitythroughbamboolandscapingandspacedistributing.Obviously,thesemethodsofbamboolandscapingstatedabovehavealreadybrokenthroughthemodelofsimplyimitatingnatureandtraditionalpoeticimagery.what’smore,modernartshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtolandscapedesign.Thecreativityanddiversityofartformsreflectthevitalityofthisage,whichenrichesthemethodsandmannersofbamboolandscaping.
Partfour:theCoexistenceofphysicalappearanceandtheinnerspirit,andartisticconceptionoutofthescenery
Intheprocessofbambooappreciation,it’simportanttoscaleuptotheartisticconceptionfromthephysicalone.Thisisaprocessthatenablestheappreciatingsubjectstogetunlimitedexperiencefromrestricteddomain,totrusttoittheirpersonalemotions,andtobeenlightenedinthemeaningoflife.Inhistory,theaestheticactivitiesconcerningbamboowerefrequentandofvariouskinds,totalinganawesomeamountalltogether.TakingtheBookCollectingPoetryintheTangDynastyforinstance,about17percentofallthepoemswrittenby2200poetsarerelativetobamboo.Tosumup,however,thehymntobamboolargelyconcentratesontwoaspects:appreciationofitsoutsidelookandhomagepaidtoitssymbols.Ithasalwaysbeenpeople’scommonsensethattheoutsidelookofbamboostandsforchivalry,implicity,eleganceanddelicacy.Whenitcomestosymbols,bambooisoftenassociatedwiththevirtuesofmodesty,uprightness,strength,fortitudeandintegrity.Chineseclassicalgardenstreasureartisticconceptionandvaluetruedisclosureofinternalfeelings,consequently,landscapingshouldinvolveinstillingemotionstothesceneries.
Withthechangingoftimes,bamboocultureiscontinuouslydeveloping,soitiswiththeinnovationofbamboolandscaping.Withtheaggregationofglobalization,peopletendtoseebamboofeaturesallthemorefromaperspectiveoftheculturaldistinctionbetweentheeastandthewest.Theytendtoregardbambooasasignofmysteriousorient.That’sthereasonwhybambooisusuallyplantedinplaceswherethere’sanintentionofdisplayingorientalcultureorcreatingarelativeatmosphere.ThismeansiswidelyadoptedbymanyinternationalairportsinShanghai,Hangzhou,andbytheheadquartersofAT&T,TokyoYKKresearchcenter,developmentcentersofscienceandtechnologyandthepatioofBeijingXiangshanhotel.Intheclassicgardenscreatedbyculturedpeople,theexampleofsubmittingone’sownwilltobamboocanbefoundeverywhere,mostofwhichreflectedthebasicpersonalityvaluesofthetraditionalculture.JustasZhengbanqiao,afamouspoetintheancienttimesputitinhispoementitled“bambooandstone”:thebamboohasitsrootdeeplyembeddedintherocksupthehill;nomatterhowhardthewindblows,itconsistentlystickstoitsfortitude.Fromthispoemwecanseethatthiskindofspiritwasdestinedtosurpassitsowntimes,andcontinuetobeappliedinmodernlandscape.Certainly,therearesomeotheraestheticvalueswhichnolongerfitforthemoderntimeswiththedevelopmentofthesociety.Intraditionalgardens,poeticimageryservedasthekeypointinbambooarrangement,whilepersonalitysymbolizationservedasthecriticalpointinbambooaesthetics.However,inmodernlandscape,thebeautyresultingfromitsfunctionshasalreadybeenpaiddueattentiontosomeextent.Peoplearegraduallyplantingbambooaccordingtoecologicalprinciplesandrecreationaldemands.Cultureistheproductofhistoricalsedimentandallthemoretheresultofdevelopmentandtransformation.Cultureshouldkeepabreastwithtimes,shouldreflecttimecharacteristicsandshouldboosttheprogressofthesociety.
Partfive:Suitedtotourismandusage,theharmoniousintegrationofmanandthenature
IntraditionalChinesegardens,asreferredtobambooscenery,thegreatestattentionwaspaidtoitslandscapingformsandculturalmeaning.Withtheprevalenceandpopularityofgardensinpeople’sdailylife,thefunctionalvalueofbambooisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroledaybyday.Firstly,bambooserveswellasaslope-protectingplantsandisespeciallysuitabletogrowinthin-soilenvironmentsuchastheroofgardenandtherubbishhill;itsstemsundergroundarethinandconnectedtoeachother,whichmakesitabletoholdthesoilandresisttheharshwind.Secondly,thedenseleavesofbamboopresentanexcellentsunshadeinthesummer.Thirdly,ittakesnomorethanonegrowingseasonforbambootoattainitsfinalheight,asaresult,manybamboospeciesareexcellentguardsinblockingtheunpleasantbackgroundandmeanwhile,theyarecompetentlaborinproducingoxygenandholdingcarbondioxide.Fourthly,thetallanduprightstemofbambooisfitforhostingmanykindsofoutdooractivities.Lastbutnottheleast,ontopofalltheotherbenefitsbamboobringstous,itisstillanessentialkindofeconomicplant.Tocombinebamboolandscapingwitheconomicandsocialactivitiesisanothersignificantfeatureofmodernbamboolandscaping,whichisboundtoexertanever-lastinginfluenceonthecauseofmodernurbanlandscapearchitecture.
Partsix:Conclusion
Withitsnicefigure,enormousecologicaleffectsandrefinedculturalsymbols,bamboohasappealedtoculturedpeoplefromgenerationtogenerationinChinesehistory.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,weshouldcontinuetodemonstratetraditionalcharismaofbamboocultureontheonehand;ontheotherhand,duetothetransformationofmodernaestheticvaluesandmorediverserequirementsconcerningitsfunctions,itneedstocarryoutcontinuousinnovationinthemethodsandmannersoflandscaping,hencetoservecontemporaryurbanenvironmentalconstructioninawidersphere.People’slifeischangingallthetime,ourknowledgeaboutbambooisconstantlydeepenedandenriched.Thus,ourstudyconcerningbamboolandscapingistobedevelopedunremittinglywiththeadvancingoftime.
References
1TheGardenBookPhaidonPressLimited2000
2DesignedLandscapeSpacemakerPress1998
3ToddA.SteadmanBamboo―Aunique,versatile,misunderstoodandunderusedplantLandscapeArchitecture1999(2)74-77
Briefintroductiontotheprimaryauthor:
MaJunshan(1963-),male,borninJiaxing,ZhejiangProvince,PhDofLA,professor,thechiefleaderofLandscapeArchitecturePlanningandDesigningInstitutionatZhejiangForestryUniversity.